雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwaterharvesting（共9篇）
“一只好猫”投稿了9篇雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwaterharvesting，以下是小编帮大家整理后的雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwaterharvesting，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
篇1：雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwaterharvesting
Reading Passage 1
Title：村庄储存雨水的活动 Rainwater harvesting (旧)
Question types:Short Answer Questions 6
YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN 8
文章内容：雨水回收系统。一个干旱地区，主要是描述一个村庄发展了一种储水系统进行雨水的收集。
文章分析：
Rainwater harvesting
For two years southern Sri Lanka suffered a prolonged drought, described by locals as “the worst in 50 years”. Some areas didn't see a successful crop for four or five consecutive seasons. Livestock died，water in wells dropped to dangerously low levels, children were increasingly malnourished and school attendance has fallen. Anestimated 1.6 million people were affected.
A Muthukandiya is a village in Moneragaladistrict, one of the drought-stricken areas in the “dry zone” of southern Sri Lanka (斯里兰卡), where half the country's population of18 million lives. Rainfall in the area varies greatly from year to year, often bringing extreme dry spells in between monsoons (季风).But this drought was much worse than usual. Despite some rain inNovember, only half of Moneragala's 1,400 tube wells were in workingorder by March. The drought devastated supplies of rice and freshwaterfish, the staple diet of inland villages. Many local industries closed downand villagers headed for the towns in search of work.
B The villagers of Muthukandiya arrived in the 1970s as part of agovernment resettlement scheme. Each family was given six acres of land,with no irrigation system. Because crop production, which relies entirelyon rainfall, is insufficient to support most families, the village economyrelies on men and women working as day-labourers in nearby sugar-caneplantations. Three wells have been dug to provide domestic water, butthese run dry for much of the year. Women and children may spendseveral hours each day walking up to three miles (five kilometres) to fetchwater for drinking, washing and cooking.
(部分文章节选)
篇2：雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwaterharvesting
Q1-6: 简答题 ( NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS)
1. What is the major way for local people make barely a support of living in Muthukandiya village?
Crop production B段第三行
2. Where can adult workers make extra money from in daytime?
Sugar-cane plantations
3. What have been dug to supply water for daily household life?
Three wells
4. In which year did the plan of a new project to lessen the effect of drought begin?
5. Where do the gutters and pipes collect rainwater from?
roofs of houses
6. What help family obtain more water for domestic needs than those relying on only wells and ponds?
Storage tanks
Q7-14: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
7. NG
Most of the government's actions and other programs have somewhat failed.
8. YES
Masons were trained for the constructing parts of the rainwater harvesting system.
9. NO
The cost of rainwater harvesting systems was shared by local villagers and the local government.
10. YES
Tanks increase both the amount and quality of the water for domestic use.
11. NO
To send her daughter to school, a widow had to work for a job in rainwater harvesting scheme.
12. NOT GIVEN
Households benefited began to pay part of the maintenance or repairs.
13. NOT GIVEN
Training two masons at the same time is much more preferable to training single one.
14. NO
Other organizations had built tanks larger in size than the tanks built in Muthukandya.
雅思阅读--自答自问的游戏
雅思与其它标准考试(如GRE)不同，它仅考查语言。这对于考试者意味着什么呢?这表明，雅思考试并不考查你的推理能力。
这一规律怎样应用呢?虽然有时你会被问到出题者不会给你提供信息然后让你基于这些信息得出结论。相反，他们给你提供信息并问你这些信息。基本上，他们都是让你重复刚刚给你的信息。答案就在你眼前......一篇文章的主题或为这篇文章选一个合适的标题，但绝大多数的问题都会关注文章中给出的细节信息。你要做的仅是把他提供的信息再重复给他。你不会被要求基于这些信息得出结论。以下面的摘录为例：
“Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group amongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.” Based upon this passage, you will never be asked a question like:“There has been a continued presence of “green consumers” in the British market because of …”
A. the rise of the Green party.
B. Concern with global warming
C. Fear of Mad Cow Disease
D. Concern with general state of environment
这些答案都没有的文章中出现。所以，雅思考试绝不会问这类问题。相反，他们会问这样的问题：
“Politicians may have “misjudged the public mood” because…”
A. they are pre-occupied with the recession and financial problems.
B. There is more widespread interest in the environmental agenda than they anticipated.
C. Consumer spending has increased significantly as a result of “green” pressure.
D. Shoppers are displeased with government policies on a range of issues.
正如文中所说，政治家们认为消费者不再关心环境问题是他们错误判断了民意。答案显易见。这就是雅思考试的出题方法。正确答案是“B”。
对于此规律也会出现一些例外，我们也发现了一些。但至少现在我们弄清了自己的任务。我们的任务并非掌握或记忆面前的信息，而是了解出题者让我们寻找的信息是什么。因为我们知道可以找得到所有的答案，下面我们要掌握的就是怎样寻找了。如果我们的阅读的同时就知道要找什么，我们甚至可能在知道问题是什么之前就找到答案。
雅思阅读如何“临时抱佛脚”
首先是时间掌控
正确的时间分配可以帮助考生在考场上最大限度的发挥自己的实际水平，提高整体正确率。合理的时间安排，原则上是20分钟一篇。
但是考生都有自己熟悉的话题和有把握的题材。所以，在正式开始做题之前，考生不妨可以通过标题浏览等方式Skim三篇文章，按照自己的实际情况对于三篇文章的难易程度进行定位，确定哪篇文章是自己把握性比较大的，对于这种比较有把握文章一定要保证时间充足，这样有助于整体正确率的提升。但是每一篇文章原则上最多不超过25分钟，否则考生是没有办法有效率的完成40道题目的。
在时间分配这一点上，要特别提醒那些基础比较好的考生。因为此类考生往往更加容易“栽跟头”。雅思阅读文章篇幅较长，之后还有四十道题目需要完成，这就要求考生精读和泛读相结合。需要提别提出的是，文章中的信息有主次之分，那些与考题相关的信息才是考生需要精读的内容。而基础较好的同学往往为了保证正确率会采取全篇精读的方式去完成题目，这样的话就没有办法保证在规定的时间内完成所有题目。
最后需要在时间安排上提醒考生们注意的是，要留取填写答题卡的时间。雅思考试第一场听力考试是有10分钟的时间留给考生填写答题卡的。但是在紧接着的第二场阅读考试中，填写答题卡的时间包含在一个小时考试时间里面。在此，雅思中国网海外考试研究中心的老师们建议考生，分篇填写答案。完成一篇之后就把答案填写在答题卡上，这样可以避免最后完全来不及填写答题卡的情况出现。
正确的做题顺序
除去时间掌控之外，考生们在考场上还要注意的是考试的题型安排。正确的做题顺序可以帮助考生更加有效的完成题目。
雅思学术类阅读现在官网上分为十大题型：
Multiple Choice;Short-answer questions;Sentence Completion;Notes, Summary or Table/Flow-chart Completion;Labelling a Diagram;Headings;Locating Information;Identification of Writer’s Views/Claims or of Information in a Text;Classification;Matching。
这些题型绝大多数题目是细节型的题。一般来说，建议考生按照从大意题到细节题的做题顺序完成整篇试题。也就是说，在考试过程中，如果考生遇到“Headings”这种标准的大意题，当然是需要最先完成的。而其他细节题在考生对于文章大意有所了解的前提下去完成会很容易定位。在此需要特别说明的是最近很流行的细节配对题，一般建议考生安排在其他题目完成之后再去完成，这样考生对于文章的结构和各段的大意都有比较清晰的了解，在这个基础上再去完成细节配对题会节约很多定位的时间，而且正确率也会有所提升。
良好的心理素质
最后要提醒即将考试的“烤鸭”们的就是信心和情绪。良好的心理素质是在考场上正常发挥水平的重要保证。
长期辛苦的备考之后，考生们有理由相信自己会在考场上取得满意的成绩。适当的自信也是阅读速度和解题正确率的保证。另外，有些考生如果碰到的文章是自己不熟悉的领域或不熟悉的题型就会大受“打击”，影响做题情绪。这个是完全没有必要的。要明白有时候文章当中那些生词往往根本不会影响考生做题，属于我们上文所提及的次要信息。所以千万不要让那些次要的内容影响了做题目的情绪，否则就是得不偿失了。
专家题的这三条建议也许不多，但却能够给即将上阵的“烤鸭”们一个很好的提醒和帮助，只要按照老师的建议走下去，再加上自己的努力，相信考生们会考出一鸣惊人的成绩的。
雅思阅读真题及答案：rainwater harvesting
篇3：阅读考试模拟雅思真题及答案
阅读考试模拟雅思真题及答案
20雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案(五)
Don’t wash those fossils!
Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.
1. Washing， brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike — vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.
2. Instead， excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves， and freezing samples as they are found， dirt and all， concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.
3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA， Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris， France， and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information， they say， needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.
4. Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3，200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species， called an aurochs. The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times — either in 1947， and stored in a museum collection， or in ， and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC.
5. The team’s attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed. The newly excavated fossils， however， all yielded DNA.
6. Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time， and in the same conditions， the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl. As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3，200 years before， she says.
Wash in， wash out
7. Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone， their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA， Geigl explains.
8. The biggest problem is how they are cleaned. Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath， which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones. Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out， but contamination is getting washed in， says Geigl.
9. Most ancient DNA specialists know this already， says Hendrik Poinar， an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario， Canada. But that doesn’t mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils.
10. Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators， says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig， Germany. And that only occurs in exceptional cases， he says.
11. P bo’s team， which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA， continually faces these problems. When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains， there’s a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA， he says.
12. This doesn’t mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed， notes P bo. The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab， for example， had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way. But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl’s recommendations — just in case.
Warm and wet
13. Geigl herself believes that， with cooperation between bench and field researchers， preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.
14. Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place， and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated. For this reason， Geigl says， most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples， such as the woolly mammoth， or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves — including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.
15. Better conservation methods， and a focus on fresh fossils， could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens， says Geigl. And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution.
(640 words nature )
Glossary
Palaeontologists 古生物学家
Aurochs 欧洲野牛
Neanderthal (人类学)尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。
Permafrost (地理)永冻层
Questions 1-6
Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. How did people traditionally treat fossils?
2. What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done when fossils are found?
3. What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE.
4. What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminated with contemporary DNA when they are washed?
5. What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved?
6. The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers. How many of them are mentioned?
Questions 7-11
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer
FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
7. In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ， Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserve ancient DNA.
8. The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs.
9. Geneticists don’t have to work on site.
10. Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigl and her colleagues contain ancient DNA.
11. Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments of fossils in traditional way.
Questions 12-13
Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer.
12. This information in paragraph 3 indicates：
[A] It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA.
[B] The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.
[C] Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.
[D] Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.
13. The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests：
[A] the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past.
[B] the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recovered
DNA.
[C] the pace at which DNA degrades.
[D] the correlation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.
Suggested answers and explanations1. washing， brushing， varnishing 见第一段。
2. handling with gloves / freezing samples ( any one of the two ) 见第二段。
3. losing authentic DNA / being contaminated / contamination ( any one of the three) 见第八段 Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out， but contamination is getting washed in (答being contaminated或 contamination比较保险)
4. they are porous porous 的意思是多孔的。见第八段 。。。 which can allow water — and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA — to permeate into the porous bones.
5. human evolution 见第十五段。其中shed light on sth的意思是使某事显得非常清楚，使人了解某事。
6. 4 分别为第四段的an extinct cattle species， called an aurochs，即欧洲野牛，已经绝迹;第十一段 Neanderthal， 是人类学用语，尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类;第十四段woolly mammoth和cave bear，其中mammoth是猛犸，一种古哺乳动物。
7. T 见第二段。
8. T 见第四段 Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3，200-year- old fossil bones belonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species， called an aurochs. 即他们研究的骨化石是一头欧洲野牛身上的。
9. NG
10. F 见第十二段第一、二句话。
11. T 见第十二段末句 But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl’s recommendations — just in case. 意即为保险起见，Paabo还是非常希望见到用Geigl建议的'方法保存的化石样本。just in case 的意思是以防万一，就是Paabo对用传统保存处理的化石不放心的意思。
12. A 见第三段。This information就是前一句中 。。。 just how important conservation practices can be (to preserve good DNA)。be hammered之中hammer一词的意思是不断重复强调。
13. D 面信息。需要理解文章各处关于Geigl和她的同事所作的研究。
篇4：雅思阅读真题答案：龙涎香Ambergris
雅思阅读真题答案：龙涎香 Ambergris
文章标题 Ambergris 龙涎香 文章大意 关于ambergris龙涎香和amber琥珀
第一段说 ambergris这个东西很久以前就有了，然后说ambergris的用途有 for medicine， spice，用来制作perfume 什么的等等（有题，matching） 然后说但是人们不知道它是从哪里来的，再就是说在古代it worth in weight in gold，当然是贵了。
第二段说 以前人们一直把ambergris和amber当作一种东西。但是有个叫Dick的作者 写了一本书 讲了这两个东西的区别（有题，matching）说ambergris 通常发现在海面或者shore，但是仍然不知道是从哪里来的。 Amber是一种什么东西，与松树pine有关， 然后说了amber的一些特性 hard，transparent， 等等，用来做装饰品， 头饰什么的， 同样 very costly。（有题，matching）
第三段说ambergris是与sperm whale的intestine肠子里的消化digest 某种东西有关。以为intestine会有题，结果没有，提到了马可波罗，好像与这个发现有关（没题，当笑话好了）
第四段就是具体describe ambergris的产生过程了。（summary 题）大意是，sperm whale吃一种东西 叫 beaks of squalid， 肠子就有助消化，但是不能完全消化，就转化成了另一种东西，应该是体内的垃圾。这种垃圾是soft的，会被sperm whale 呕吐出来 be vomited up。 然后这种东西遇到空气就会变硬 harden， 于是就形成了 ambergris了，也解释了为什么ambergris总在海面和shore被发现。
第五段 说人们为了获得ambergris而捕杀sperm whale 导致了濒临灭绝。给了一个数据 说in 20th century， 90% ambergris was made in the processing of killing sperm whale。（有题， TFNG）ambergris was still the most expensive product in the whole body of sperm whale，大意是这样的。 于是人们就开始采取措施保护sperm whale， 在工业生产中采用了很多ambergris的替代品，例如香水制造业中就用了某种东西，代替了ambergris。
第六段 说 sperm whale的数量会有recover的那么一天，没题。 题目类型 Matching
Summary填空
T/F/NG 参考答案 Matching
A only ambergris
B only amber
C both
D neither
·very expensive C
·use in medicine A
·use as currency D
·refers to in a Book written by Dick _x C
·could be seen through B Summary填空
ambergris的形成步骤龙涎香是抹香鲸的呼吸道分泌物
·sperm whale 吃下去 beaks of squalid，
·_x be vomited up，
·hardens when exposure on air T/F/NG
·20th century most ambergris was made in the processing of killing of sperm whale。 T
·Ambergris’s cost increased recently。 NG
·ambergris still remains in the perfume making。 F
·关于保护鲸鱼的 F
两招教你突破雅思阅读判断题三大难点
但凡接触过雅思真题或曾经亲历雅思考场的考生大多对TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN (另一种写法为YES/NO/NOT GIVEN)的题型颇有印象，原因有二：
一是此题型在考场上出现频率极高，仅以为例，全年48场雅思考试场场都有此题型的身影;
二是此题型虽然备选项只有三个，答题命中率在理论上比四选一的单选题还高，却颇不容易全盘做对。
下面笔者将带领读者一起来仔细认识与分析雅思阅读判定题的概念、套路、难点和解决之道。
雅思判断题的定义
理解判断题的第一步是理解TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN的定义，逐一分析如下：
TRUE (YES)的定义为the statement agrees with the information/the views (claims) of the writer，即“此说法与原文信息/作者的观点或主张相符”。这里的重点信息在于agree with的概念，此选项并非要求题干与原文的内容一模一样，而只要符合原文信息即可。
举个例子说明，原文句子说“这个女生长得很漂亮”，那么题干说“这个女生长得很好看”或“这小姑娘长相真是还可以”都是与原文信息相符，此时考生要选TRUE (YES)。
FALSE (NO)的定义为the statement contradicts the information，即“如果此说法与原文信息相矛盾和抵触”。这里的重点信息在于contradict一词：contra是“相反”“相违背”的意思，dict则是“陈述”“说明”的意思。也就是说，应选FALSE的题干与原文信息是相矛盾、相违背、相抵触的，原文中给出的已知信息可以直接或经过合理推理否定掉题干的内容。
比如，原文说“这个女生长得很漂亮”，那题干说“这姑娘长得真丑”就是错误的，或者题干说“这位小娘子貌似无颜”，也是错误的。
NOT GIVEN的定义为there is no information on this/it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this，即“此说法在原文中找不到”或“没法知道作者对此是怎么看的”。许多考生都将此视为最麻烦的一个选项，因为如果不能把整篇文章都看完并且看懂，每个NOT GIVEN的选项都是在惴惴不安的心情中写下的。
NOT GIVEN的情况其实可以分为以下两种：
① 原文中完全没有提及题干所说的相关内容，不过这种完全无中生有的题目比较罕见;
② 原文中提到的相关信息与题干内容不属于同一个范围或性质。
比如题干说“这个女生长得很好看”，而原文中提到的与“此女生”有关的内容是“这个女生是个善良的好孩子，这种情况下，长相和个性虽然都是在描述这个女生，但两者既不一致也不矛盾，此时考生应选NOT GIVEN。
雅思判定题出题套路
判断题的逻辑其实不难理解，但许多考生依然烦恼：看定义貌似懂了，一到做题的时候还是纠结不已。这跟考生的单词量、语法基础、长难句分析能力和思维习惯等方面都有关系。不过总结起来，每个选项的出题还是有一定套路的。
以下笔者来一一详述。
1. TRUE (YES)的出题套路
① 直接说对
“直接说对”指的是题干的意思与原文定位到的句子只是简单的同义替换，考生能直接判断题干所说与原文信息相符。
这样的题目其实是在考查考生的单词量大小，因为题干会使用不同的词汇对原文进行同义替换。
比如题干说long-term medical complaints，原文说chronic illnesses，考生就不但要认识long-term与chronic是同义替换关系，而且要明白medical与complaint组合在一起并不是“医疗投诉、医疗纠纷”这类意思，而是作为一个词组表示“疾病”。
备考此类题目的最好策略就是补充单词和词组。而备考的最好材料莫过于《剑桥雅思考试全真试题集》(以下简称《剑4》《剑5》等)系列。考生多看几篇以往的真题就会发现，有许多词汇和词组会高频地出现在不同题材的文章里，因此仔细研读真题文章中的生词能有效帮助解决词汇的问题。
② 间接说对
“间接说对”指的是有些题干需要根据原文某句话或几句话进行简单推理或综合理解才能判断其是TRUE (YES)。
应对此种情况，考生在读文章时请务必耐心一些，在定位到某句话而不能充分判断时，需根据情况补充上句话的背景信息或追加下句话的进一步信息，进而得出更准确的结论。
以下面这个真题为例。
例1：The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area. (《剑七》Test 2 Passage 3第34题)
原文：Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.
解析：在定位到的原文句子里，考生虽然不能直接找到题干中的20%，但从原文中可以看出“本地范围内占80%”(80% was within the locality)，就可以推断出“本地范围外有20%”，由此得出本题应选TRUE。
③ 复杂同义表述
“复杂同义表述”指的是题干与定位到的原文句子同义替换更多更复杂，原文的表述方式也更曲折迂回，语序不符合中文读者理解习惯，考生有可能受自身语言能力所限看不出来题干与原文是同义替换。
针对此种情况，考生可以在考场上先跳过此题，集中精力解决其它更有把握的题目，以保证整体得分;也可以在平时备考中注意练习精读分析能力，让自己见多识广，看到多长的句子都心中不怵，能从容应对。
例2：Nineteenth-century studies of the nature of genius failed to take into account the uniqueness of the person’s upbringing. (《剑8》Test 3 Passage 2第19题)
原文：However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced. In other words, when, for instance, information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling, etc., we must also take into account information from other historical sources about how common or exceptional these were at the time.
译文：但是，虽然(19世纪的)这些研究在收集汇总天才们的人生轶事以及他们之间显著的相似和与众不同这些方面颇为引人入胜，然而使用这些证据的困难之处在于，它们并不是我们今天所说的“常模参照”研究。换句话说，例如当我们收集关于早期疾病、儿童抚养方法、学校教育等信息时，我们必须也同时参考来自其他历史记载中的相关信息，考察这些情况在当时究竟是常见还是少见的。
解析：本题的题干是说“19世纪里对天才本质的研究没能考虑到此人养育方式的独特与否”，而从定位到的原文的译文可知，早期的研究确实没有考虑这些儿童养育方法等问题，由此本题应选TRUE。
这是一个利用长难句来考查考生阅读理解能力的典型例子，难度同时在于单词和耐心两处，很多考生都觉得，连读中文译文都有点不耐烦，要理解包含若干陌生单词的英语长句就更难了。
对此，考生最好的应对之道就是培养耐心，认真看。平时认真分析精读长难句，熟悉长难句的句式结构，在考场上就更能轻松地应对。
2. FALSE (NO)的出题套路
① 直接、明显的矛盾和抵触
有的题干与定位到的原文是明显的矛盾抵触关系，此时考生应选FALSE/NO选项。请看下面这个例子。
例3：Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle’s view on the subject. (《剑5》Test 2 Passage 2第17题)
原文：But modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.
解析：虽然这道题定位到的原文句子生词很多，句子很长，但是对于“Aristotle’s belief that …”后面的东西考生通通不用看。考生需要弄清楚的是，现在对幽默的研究有没有忽略亚里士多德(Aristotle)的观点，有这个原文中的settle on (选定)就可以直接判断出，题干与原文是相互矛盾与抵触的。
② 间接不明显的矛盾和抵触
这种出题思路需要考生根据定位到的原文句子进行推断才能发现题干与原文的矛盾之处。这一题型专门用于对付那些想偷个小懒只找词汇的同义替换而不管整个句子到底在说什么的考生。请牢记：句子永远大于单独的词汇，不能只看单词而不管句子意思或上下文中的衔接关系。来看一个经典例子。
例4：The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment. (《剑4》Test 2 Passage 2第22题)
原文：In 1993, Dr. Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists.
解析：很多考生定位到上述原文句子之后，因为在原文句子中没有找到acupuncture (针灸疗法)这个不认识的词而选了NOT GIVEN选项。然而这里的两句话所给出的内容其实是可以否定掉题干的。从原文的意思可知，1993年悉尼调查里确实有289个病人，这些病人接受了八家诊所由25位治疗师提供的a wide range of (一系列)的治疗。换言之，这289位病人接受了各种治疗，由此可以反推知道他们接受的一定不是任何单一的治疗，而题干则说这289位病人接受的都是针灸疗法这一种，与原文产生矛盾，应选FALSE。
3. NOT GIVEN的出题套路
① 原文和题干的描述性质不同
这种出题思路对考生的英语阅读和理解水平要求都较高，因此按照这种思路出的题往往会让考生感到难以判断。举例说明，冷水与热水是矛盾的，因为它们都在描述“水的温度”这个属性;然而冷水与茶水则既不能说一致，也不能说彼此矛盾：这两者一个在说水的温度，另一个则说水的状态，此时考生应该选择NOT GIVEN。请看下面一个例子。
例5：Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence. (《剑5》Test 2 Passage 2第15题)
原文：Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others.
解析：对比题干与定位到的原文，两者确实都是在说柏拉图对“幽默是什么”的表述，但原文说“幽默是感觉”，题干说“幽默是智商”，感觉和智商的性质不同，但并不彼此矛盾，此时考生应选NOT GIVEN。
② 把观点当事实，或把事实当观点
事实是客观的而观点是主观的，这二者既不一致也不矛盾。“某个人对于某件事怎么想”既不能等同于也不能否定掉这件事的客观定性。同理，客观定了性的某件事未必就意味着特定的某个人也是这么想。考生应该将事实与观点区分开。请看下面这个例子。
例6：The Lumiere Brothers’ film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made. (《剑6》Test 3 Passage 1第7题)
原文：One of the Lumiere Brothers’ earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a ‘work of genius.’
解析：对比原文和题干，考生应该明白，原文说“最伟大的导演之一安德烈·塔可夫斯基(Andrei Tarkovsky)认为这部电影是天才之作”既不能等同于题干的“这部电影确实是最伟大的作品之一”，也无法否定掉题干的说法，因此此题只能选NOT GIVEN这项。
③ 把原文里出现的两个没有进行比较的内容放在一起比较
这种出题思路主要针对的是某些考生在考试中出现疲惫、马虎的心理，只单纯在原文中找到几个题干里的关键词就匆忙认为都被提及或表述一致，最终因为忽略了整句的意思而导致错选。
例7：Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of pebbles. (《剑6》Test 2 Passage 3第40题)
原文：Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers.
解析：此题的题干是将用手指数数与用石头数数进行了对比，然而在定位到的原文中却没有进行此种比较。这种“没有比较的比较”算是比较常见的NOT GIVEN选项的出题套路。
难点与解决之道
判断题的难点主要包括以下几点：
考生单词量不足，导致不能正确理解题干和原文
单词量不够并不仅仅是考生在应对判断题时所面临的问题，它是一个在所有英语考试中都令考生头疼的一个根本性问题。积累单词没有什么捷径，唯有少量多次、稳步积累、不断复习、巩固强化。一个人无论记忆力多么超乎常人，也不大可能日背千词、过目不忘。而制订合理的背单词计划，考生哪怕每天只补充10~20个单词，只要坚持下去，日积月累也能收获回报。
考生对单词意思了解不足，导致理解错误
部分考生在背诵单词时只记中文释义，不结合例句来理解，这样即使强记下了单词意思，却往往会导致对单词的意思了解不足。
例如，contemporary一词的释义是“当代的，现代的”，但要注意：不是只有我们的当下才能称为“当代”，任何一个给定时间点都有自己的“当代”，比如，与李白contemporary的人有杜甫，与莎士比亚contemporary的人有伊丽莎白一世女王。如果看到这个单词就将它等同于modern来理解，就有可能因为误解而做出错误选择。
如何避免出现这样的情况呢?
最好的办法莫过于对剑桥雅思真题里的文章进行仔细分析和精读，在语境下真正弄懂单词、词组和固定搭配的用法，储备真正掌握了的词汇来应对考试。
考生读题马虎，过度推理，导致误解了题干或原文句子
这个问题其实最不应该发生在考场上，却往往是考生容易“大意失荆州”之处。举个笔者的学生曾经产生过误解的例子：“Archaeology is a more demanding field of study than anthropology.” 这个题干原本表达的意思是“考古学是一门比人类学更加艰深的研究领域”，笔者的学生却曾将它理解成“考古学比人类学需要做更多的田野调查”，出现这个问题的原因是考生将field与study之间的那个of看漏了。
这样的问题该如何克服?
考生可以通过加大平时的英文阅读量来解决，熟能生巧，读得多了就能准确而快速地理解所读英文的真正意思。
面对阅读中的生词，我们一定要查字典么?
很多学生在做雅思阅读的时候，遇到生单词会习惯性地立马去查字典，总觉得不查就没有办法做题。可考试中我们可是查不了单词的，所以今天我来讲讲猜单词的方法。
通过词的前后缀 (前缀表意，后缀表词性)
E.g：Internet—net是“网”，inter-是有互通，互联的意思，所以Internet是“互联网”;
那么national“国家的”变成international就是“国际的”;
City“城市”变成“inter-city”就是“城际的”。
通过符号来看意思--冒号，括号和破折号表解释说明
E.g：Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and …(C4T3P3)
这句话中学生若不明白limitation的含义，完全可以通过括号里面的意思猜到limitation是贬义词，就是不好的，对于理解不理解的到是“限制”的意思对做题没有影响，题目照样能做对。
Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence.(C4T3P1)
冒号后面即为解释说明什么是a combination of factors，或者简单来说就是有哪些factors，因题目问的是孩子们为什么会沦落街头，那在冒号后面就是作为答题的重要依据了。
Chimpanzees have a “play-face”—a gaping expression accompanied by a panting “ah,ah” noise.(C5T2P2)
破折号在这里解释说明了什么是play-face，简单解释也就是一种expression，那么如果学生能够定位准确，不能理解什么是play-face，对答案的判断也没有任何影响。
特别注意：很多学生分不清连词符和破折号。连词符是短的，并且和单词之间没有空格;儿破折号是长的，且和前后单词有空格。
其实符号在雅思阅读中用来表解释说明的现象非常普遍，只是很多学生在做题的时候并没有意识到出题人的这个考察点，因为非常的细微，一般语法能力还不错的学生其实在不经意间已经用了上述猜单词方法，只是自己没有意识到而已。所以对于基础薄弱的学生，要重点提出，加以总结，让其能够在阅读中应用。
同位语、插入语表解释说明
E.g：Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. (C5T2P2)
本句提到Graeme Ritchie这个人，这个人是谁呢，后面解释说他是a computational linguist in Edinburgh，结合我们所说第一点，不认识computational，但computer应该知道，-al结尾形容词，linguist以-ist结尾，表“...人/家”，后面一个in+大写，猜也知道是地名，所以大概能猜到这个人是电脑方面的一个什么专家。如果能判断到这一点，对后面的判断18题会很有帮助。
特别注意：同位语注意是位置的“位”，也就是说和被解释词在句中的位置是相同的，这类用法多见于解释专有名词(比如人名，地名)，这对于做配对题和一些细节判断题很有帮助;其次要注意的是有时候插入语两边的逗号也会变成两个破折号，其用意相同，完全可以当做两个逗号看待。
表“包含、包括、举例”的
E.g：World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French…(C5T2P3)
这个例子比较简单，但是如果真的不认识languages，完全可以通过Japanese, German and French来猜测其意思，一定是上一级词汇，所以意思是“语言”。也就是说看到include，involve，contain，for example，for instance，such as等表“包含、例如”的词时候，若能认识这些词后面一到两个词的意思，会帮助猜测这些词之前的单词意思，一定是这一到两个词的上义词。
定语从句
E.g：And they are known to have used wooded pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone.(C7T4P1)
His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. (C9T1P1)
定语从句本身是修饰作用，但这种句子的修饰其实是在帮助我们理解一个复杂词汇，把不懂得具象化。比如第一句的wooden pulleys不知道，后面大致能明白说是它可以承受巨大重量，那只要理解这个wooden pulleys是个可以承重的东西即可;同理，第二个句子不仅有定语从句，还用到了方法3，Thomas Hall是谁，是his teacher，他怎么了，他鼓励他学生去参加Michael Faraday的课，进一步解释说明了Thomas Hall的身份。
知道一些单词的熟词僻义--通过语境判断意思
这个方法是给英语词汇还不错的学生的，很多学生会有一个困扰是虽然背了很多单词，但好像还是不能看懂文章，这里并不是本文讲解重点，所以不在此赘述，但是其中一个原因就是本来认识的单词却换了意思。
比如在实验类文章中，study不是“学习”的意思，而是“研究”的意思;subject不是“课程、科目”，而是“实验对象”;solution不是“解决办法”，而是“溶液”，比如在C9T1P1中提到purple solution，不可能是“紫色解决办法”吧，所以这里应该明白其有另一个意思。
再比如在天文类文章中orbit是轨迹，但是其还有一个意思是“眼眶”(曾在C5T2P2考过);
还有，pupil是“学生”，但还有一个意思是“瞳孔”。
所以这也是平时在做题中需要总结归纳的要点，要引起重视。
雅思阅读真题答案：龙涎香 Ambergris
篇5：雅思听力真题答案
雅思听力真题答案
SECTION 1
一个女生咨询住宿homestay事宜。
1.住址：【14 Hill(s) Road】
2.时间：【After 7 pm / Before 9:30 am / after 9.30】 不确定
3.年龄：【19】
4-5.homestay的要求（两个空）real 【garden】；only one 【guest】
6.英语程度【intermediate】
7.对食物的要求:【vegetarian / vegetable only】
8.最高租房费用Max Rent：【100 pounds per week】开始说60~80后来补充说up to 100
9.注册日期：【23rd March】
10.愿意住在【northwest】
SECTION 2
一次为慈善募捐所作的徒步旅行(charity walking holiday)。6个选择题，4个填空题。
1.选【B ，8天】
2.有个PIE CHART 图表是问题捐款占总比例，平均选【过一半的那个，有55%-65%吧】 前面有干扰
3.募捐的用途选【A，for student】
4.参加者的要求【VERY FIT】（原文是 extremely fit）
5.可以带自己的装备吗? 因为原文说可以靠LOCAL 单位，所以选【B，是只要带some of the own things】
6.后面是个表格题，4个填空。
填每天的安排，第三天valley，第五或六天是visit a ancient temple，第八天是swim in a water fall，第九天是。。。。没记忆，但不难填，传统产品等。
7. spend one day on a 【forest】
8. visit ancient 【temple】
9. swimming in 【park lake / waterfall】
10. visit a weaving 【blanket】
SECTION 3
一个学生和老师的谈话，关于topic，supervisor/department decide，的各个方面的问题的
先是6个选择题；
1.选何种research topic? (选C)
A、是比较POPULAR的'；
【C、长时间感兴趣的；】
2.如何选老师？
选【学院会给你分配DEPARTMENT ALLOCATE】
3.有个问到选学校的原因，应该
选【C】应该选学校会给你research足够好支持support的,而不是声誉或者resource的多少。
4.又是PIE CHART，所有大学的drop-out rate 选【C、60%】；『比50％略多那个。45％只是这个大学的drop -out 率，后面再讲平均的，不可能是45％，但A、75％又太高了』
5.有个获取资料的方法：选【B、上网查】/【talk to a person】{上网查绝对不对，那个教授先就否掉了，然后说可以打
篇6：雅思阅读真题V57
雅思阅读真题V57
第一篇（判断、选择）是说几个人研究蝴蝶，比较难。前几题是T/F/NG，后面是给段意让你选段落，段落大概是十来个，段意只有5，6个，不太好做。最后好象还有两道选择。我一共花了25分钟还做的不理想
passage1.三个科学家研究热带雨林蝴蝶。T/F/NG有六题。各位考过的朋友都分别有几个T几个F呢？然后是配对题个5、6，要求对应文中段落填对应段落号。接下来三个填空。 征集各位答案！
第二篇（选择、配对）是说古钱币的，非常简单。前面几个选择加上后面7，8个MATCHING，我只有一个来不及找了（怕最后一篇时间不够：（ ）
如果再碰到强烈建议先做，搞定十几题心里就有底了啊：）
passage2.关于各国各种古怪的钱币。四五个选择。第一个是问什么钱币通用于19世纪，我在B和D中犹豫，一个是silver coin一个是silver clot吧最后还是选了前者。然后是8、9个配对题，钱币和其性质的配对。
第三篇（判断、简答一个词、选择）是美国人关于运动员如何提高运动成绩的研究，不难。但我只有十五六分钟了，大家知道最后五分钟心理紧张，一般是起不了什么作用的。先是5，6个T/F/NG，然后是四个填空（容易），最后是三四道选择。我因为时间不够，最后做的T/F/NG只好全选F了，呜呜~~~
S3 （28-40）体育运动performance提高 5个TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVE 4 conclusions 3 choice
1．对体育成绩有记录开始于ABOUT 1900，我犹豫半天选对，原句：有记录于EARLY IN 19世纪，19的奥林匹克百米成绩是…马拉松是2：55分，而新的记录是2：05，提高了30% 第一段完毕
2．遗传可以FULLY完全解释为什么有些人成绩好，F，原文：遗传是最重要的原因，但也就能占1/3，没一个人能给出完全的.合理的解释，TRAINING弄好了比1/3还强
3.好基因的父母他们自己一定是很出色的运动员 NOT GIVEN，原文：你要是想当好运动员，你一定好好挑选父母。
4.有了记录数据后，很多人可以在很早的年纪就被发现体育特长 T原句：因为有基因数据和国际比赛重奖，所以可以使很早运动员就被发现。
5.最容易提高的成绩来自BURST OF ENERGY，短跑类。NOT GIVEN，没提及，就算有也是马拉松提高的最多。
NO MORE THAN：“1”WORD完成句子
XX教授把体育成绩和什么LINK到一起：GENETICS
XX教授认为什么更重要：TRAINING
XX教授把饮食DIET和什么联系一起：NUTRITIONTH
The key method to create new record is better TRAINING
Simple choice
1有些科学家研究运动员动作，（用录象三维拍摄）在哪方面比较有价值：
选择：运动员FITNESS的够不够 （原句：这种研究可按牛顿某定理得出结论：你跑的还不是最快的速度，因为你的胳膊还没挥到最大程度，不过这种研究的效果不大）
2.这些科学家研究了XX运动员（好象是个跳高的）后，这研究的作用是：explain the Xx’performance a：soften xx’ b：correct xx’ c：forget原句：XX成绩如此出色，他自己也不明白为什么，而体育家分析后发现原来的人们是如何如何做的，而XX是用soften方式得到的好成绩
3.XX教授认为我们目前对成绩原因的认识还在什么阶段：选：BASIC阶段，原文很清楚。
passage3.关于怎样提高运动员成绩的理论。开始5、6个T/F/NG题。然后是一个WORD的填空题，好像有training、injuries 最后三个填空有一个问某教授研究的理论对一跳高运动员的作用，我选explain的作用，还有一选项是cushion the jump.最后一题是问现在人们对运动员的研究在什么阶段，应选basic。
篇7：雅思阅读真题V54
雅思阅读真题V54
第一篇 钱币的历史，题型：选择题，注意它的'出题方式，像heading但又不是，还有true/false/not give.
coins/how paper money made/paper/encaving/disadvantages of paper money
questions: match/yes,no, not given 不难。
第二篇 交通工具的发展，题型：heading和yes/no/not given
tram/bus/underground/movement pavement
Questions: find out where mentioned/ fill in/ true,false,ng
第三篇 有关人类运动体能的极限问题的研究。题型：true/false/not give，完成句子（不超过one word），还有选择。how atheletes improve performance?
Questions: true, false,ng/fill in blankets by one word
这次的阅读总体不难，但特别应注意读题目的要求。
篇8：雅思阅读真题精选:orientatinofbirds
雅思阅读真题精选:orientatin of birds
Migration of Birds
Orientation andNavigation
A .Factors in a bird'senvironment select for the expression of migratory behavior, leading to theevolution of a migratory pattern or, on the other hand, to the loss ofmigratory abilities. Factors in the environment function to provide direct,proximal stimulation for the physiological preparation for migration. Factorsin the environment also provide information that allows birds to navigateduring migratory passage. Navigation requires knowing three things: currentlocation, destination, and the direction to travel to get from the currentlocation to the destination. Humans eventually learned to use both the sun andthe stars to obtain this information. Recently we invented more precisesatellite-based technologies that have made these celestial cues fordetermining geographic positions superfluous and developed electronic aids tonavigation that allow orientation without reference to the natural environment.Birds have successfully navigated for eons using environmental information.
B .Birds are not alone in their ability to navigatelong distances. Fish, mammals, and even insects make migratory journeys. Butthe clarion honking of geese moving in huge skeins across the vault of theheavens, the twittering of migrants filtering down out of the night sky, theflocks of newly arrived birds filling woodlands, fields, and mudflats makes usmost aware of the seasonal movements of birds and fills us with awe and wonderas to how such a magnificent event can be accomplished season after season,year after year, with such unerring precision.
C .Of the three kinds of information necessary fornavigation, we know something about the environmental cues that birds use to orienttheir migratory flight in the proper direction. On the other hand, there alsois well-supported experimental evidence that birds use neither the positions ofthe sun or the stars to know where they are or where they are to go. It hasbeen shown, however, that birds must learn both the location of the winteringarea as well as the location of the breeding area in order to navigateproperly, but we have no idea what information they are learning. Nor do weknow what cues birds use to know the location of their migratory destinationwhen they are in their wintering locale, often thousands of miles away. Therecapture of banded birds at the same places along the route of the migratoryjourney in subsequent years suggests that some species also learn the locationof traditional stop-over sites, but how they do that remains a mystery.
Vector Navigation
D.European Starlings passthrough Holland on their migration from Sweden, Finland, and northwesternRussia to their wintering grounds on the channel coast of France and thesouthern British Isles. Perdeck transported thousands of starlings from TheHague to Switzerland, releasing these banded birds in a geographic location inwhich the population had never had any previous experience. The subsequentrecapture of many of these banded birds demonstrated that the adults, which hadpreviously made the migratory flight, knew they had been displaced and returnedto their normal wintering range by flying a direction approximately ninetydegrees to their usual southwesterly course. The juveniles, which had nevermade the trip before, in contrast, continued to fly southwest and wererecaptured on the Iberian peninsula. These first-year birds “knew”what direction to fly, but did not recognize they had been displaced, thusending up in an atypical wintering range. In subsequent years these now adultbirds returned to again winter in Spain and Portugal. Coupled with anotherdisplacement of starlings to the Barcelona coast in Spain, Perdeck concludedthat the proper direction of the migratory flight was innate, that is,inherited in their DNA, since the naive juveniles could fly that direction, andthat the birds were also genetically programmed to fly a set distance. This isthe same vector or dead-reckoning navigation program Lindberg used to fly fromNew York to Paris by maintaining a given compass direction (or directions) fora predetermined time (i.e., distance). But this study demonstrated that thisnavigation system is modified by experience, since adults knew they were not inHolland any longer and knew that in order to get to their normal winteringgrounds they needed to fly a direction that they had never flown before! Theseresults are truly amazing. And we don't know how they did it.
E.Displacement studies in the Western Hemisphere usingseveral species of buntings also demonstrated that birds recognized they hadbeen moved and could fly appropriate, yet unique, routes to return to theirnormal range. Yet adult Hooded Crows transported latitudinally by over 600 km fromwintering grounds in the eastern Baltic to northwestern Germany failed torecognize this displacement. In the spring they oriented properly but migratedto Sweden, west of their normal breeding range. This species used vectornavigation, but did not know the location of its traditional destination. Sinceit is generally accepted that migratory behavior evolved independently againand again in different bird populations, a single explanation to fit all casesperhaps should not be expected.
Orientation Cues
F .Most of theeffort applied to understanding how birds make a migratory flight has beendirected toward environmental cues that birds use to maintain a particularflight direction. These cues are landmarks on the Earth's surface, the magneticlines of flux that longitudinally encircle the Earth, both the sun and thestars in the celestial sphere arching over the Earth, and perhaps prevailingwind direction and odors.
Landmarks are useful as a primarynavigation reference only if the bird has been there before. For cranes, swans,and geese that migrate in family groups, young of the year could learn thegeographic map for their migratory journey from their parents. But most birdsdo not migrate in family flocks, and on their initial flight south to thewintering range or back north in the spring must use other cues. Yet birds areaware of the landscape over which they are crossing and appear to use landmarksfor orientation purposes. Radar images of migrating birds subject to a strongcrosswind were seen to drift off course, except for flocks migrating parallelto a major river. These birds used the river as a reference to shift theirorientation and correct for drift in order to maintain the proper ground track.That major geographic features like Point Pelee jutting into Lake Erie or CapeMay at the tip of New Jersey are meccas for bird-watchers only reflects thefact that migrating birds recognize these peninsulas during their migration.Migrating hawks seeking updrafts along the north shore of Lake Superior or theridges of the Appalachians must pay attention to the terrain below them inorder to take advantage of the energetic savings afforded by these topographicstructures.
G.Since humans learned to use celestialcues, it was only natural that studies were undertaken to demonstrate thatbirds could use them as well. Soon after the end of the Second World War,Gustav Kramer showed that migratory European Starlings oriented to the azimuthof the sun when he used mirrors to shift the sun's image by ninety degrees inthe laboratory and obtained a corresponding shift in the birds' orientation.Furthermore, since the birds would maintain a constant direction even thoughthe sun traversed from east to west during the day, the compensation for thismovement demonstrated that the birds were keeping time. They knew whatorientation to the sun was appropriate at 9 a.m. They knew what different anglewas appropriate at noon, and again at 4 p.m. It has been recently shown thatmelatonin secretions from the light-sensitive pineal gland on the top of thebird's brain are involved in this response. Not only starlings but homingpigeons, penguins, waterfowl, and many species of perching birds have beenshown to use solar orientation. Even nocturnal migrants take directionalinformation from the sun. European Robins and Savannah Sparrows that wereprevented from seeing the setting sun did not orient under the stars as well asbirds that were allowed to see the sun set. Birds can detect polarized lightfrom sunlight's penetration through the atmosphere, and it has beenhypothesized that the pattern of polarized light in the evening sky is theprimary cue that provides a reference for their orientation.
Using the artificial night sky provided byplanetariums demonstrated that nocturnal migrants respond to star patterns.(quite analogous to Kramer's work on solar orientation, Franz Sauerdemonstrated that if the planetarium sky is shifted, the birds make acorresponding shift in their orientation azimuth. Steve Emlen was able to showthat the orientation was not dependent upon a single star, like Polaris, but tothe general sky pattern. As he would turn off more and more stars so that theywere no longer being projected in the planetarium, the bird's orientationbecame poorer and poorer. While the proper direction for orientation at a giventime is probably innate, Emlen was able to show that knowing the location of“north” must be learned. When young birds were raised under aplanetarium sky in which Betelgeuse, a star in Orion of the southern sky, wasprojected to the celestial north pole, the birds oriented as if Betelgeuse was“north” when they were later placed under the normally orientatednight sky, even though in reality it was south!
H.Radar studies have shown that birds domigrate above cloud decks where landmarks are not visible, under overcast skieswhere celestial cues are not visible, and even within cloud layers whereneither set of cues is available. The nomadic horsemen of the steppes of Asiaused the response of lodestones to the Earth's magnetic field to find theirway, and the hypothesis that migrating birds might do the same was suggested asearly as the middle of the nineteenth century. Yet it was not until themid-twentieth century that Merkel and Wiltschko demonstrated in a laboratoryenvironment devoid of any other cues that European Robins would change theirorientation in response to shifts in an artificial magnetic field that was asweak as the Earth's natural field. Although iron-containing magnetite crystalsare associated with the nervous system in homing pigeons, Northern Bobwhite,and several species of perching birds, it is unknown whether they areassociated with the sensory receptor for the geomagnetic cue. An alternatehypothesis for the sensory receptor suggests that response of visual pigmentsin the eye to electromagnetic energy is the basis for geomagnetic orientation.It has been shown, however, that previous exposure to celestial orientationcues enhances the ability of a bird to respond more appropriately when onlygeomagnetic cues are available.
Radar observations indicate that birdswill decrease their air speed when their ground speed is augmented by a strongtail wind. We also know that birds can sense wind direction as gusts rufflingthe feathers stimulate sensory receptors located in the skin around the base ofthe feather. Since there are characteristic patterns of wind circulation aroundhigh and low pressure centers at the altitude most birds migrate, it has beenhypothesized that birds could use these prevailing wind directions as anorientation cue. However, there presently is no experimental support for thishypothesis.
I.The sense of smell in birds wasconsidered for a long time to be poorly developed, but more recent evidencesuggests that some species can discriminate odors quite well. If the olfactorynerves of homing pigeons are cut, the birds do not return to their home loft aswell as birds whose olfactory nerves were left intact. A similar experiment hasdemonstrated that European Starlings with severed olfactory nerves returnedless often than unaffected control birds even at distances as great as 240 kmfrom their home roosts. And even more interesting, when these starlingsreturned to the nesting area the following spring, the starlings withnonfunctioning olfactory nerves returned at a significantly lower frequencythan the other starlings.
J.Considering the array of demonstratedand suggested cues that birds might use in their orientation, it is clear thatthey rely upon a suite of cues rather than a single cue. For a migrating birdthis redundancy is critical, since not all sources of orientation informationare equally available at a given time, nor are all sources of informationequally useful in a given situation.
Questions 1—8
The passage on the previous pages has eight sections labeled A-J
Which section mentions the following?
Write the correct letter A-Jin boxes1—8 on your answersheet.
1. The possible conclusion for migrating birds.
2. A description of olfactory nerves about birds’sdistance.
3. A description of Latitude about several species.
4. Insights from studies how young birds finddirection.
5. The ways birds can use for navigation.
6. Classes of animals for migratory movements.
7. The elements that birds have to navigation.
8. The birds use different cues to cope with weather.
Questions 9—11
Choose THREE letters A-F
Write your answers in boxes 9—11 on your answer sheet.
The list below gives some ways of regarding navigation.
Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?
A. a exercise for young adult activity
B. Latitude for wintering ground
C. Physical surrounding
D. Weather cues
E. Satellite-based technologies
F. Places destination when they are in winter
Questions 12—14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in thepassage?
In boxes 12—14 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the information
FALSE ifthe statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if thereis no information on this
12. Birds’ migratory flight is affected by using natural environment.
13. Fish, mammals and insects are not in their ability to makemigratory journeys.
14. Birds use cues to find their destination thousands of miles away.
雅思阅读需要特别注意的问题有哪些
总述篇：
雅思考试里的阅读部分答题时间1个小时，要求完成3篇文章共40个题目的解答，总计约3000词。其文章内容广泛，涉及动物学、人类学、管理、自然环境、医疗卫生等十个学科， 题目类型包括Headings 、true/false/not given、Short-answer questions、Summary 、Multiple Choice;Matching 、Sentence Completion、diagram/flowchart/table completion 等10种。除了平时刻苦做题外，考试当天还需要留意哪些注意事项呢?现在就从应考和心理两个方面简单谈一谈。
技巧篇：
一、发挥笔的作用：
雅思考试与托福不同，仍旧是传统的笔纸答题方式，更符合中国考生的阅读习惯。在阅读考试过程中，考生最好笔不离手，做好各种标记。在读文章时，记号可以起到突出重要内容，加深记忆的作用。
当需要在文章定位一些非特殊印刷体的关键词时，笔可以指引读者的视线，一方面可以加快阅读速度，同时又可以防止漏掉文中的重要信息。解题时用笔可以加快速度，比如，考生在审题时圈出关键词，就可以果断定位原文，同样，用笔还可以排除无关选项，进一步缩小范围提高正确率。
二、正确填涂答题卡
和听力部分不同，阅读考试是没有留出时间让考生将答案抄誊到答题卡上。所以，各位烤鸭一定要将答案直接写在答题卡上，以免浪费时间。各位烤鸭可以做1道，涂1道。也可以在做完整篇文章后，将答案一起抄誊。最怕的是四十个答案全部写在了卷子上而没有时间誊，一旦考试时间截止，你的这次考试阅读成绩就是零，因为雅思根本不批改你的试卷而只以答题卡上的答案来计分。
不过注意一定要对应题号，千万不要张冠李戴。需要提醒的是，true/false/not given这样的题目，写答案的时候尽量写完整的单词，如true,最好不要用T来代替。
另外，答题卡上千万不能留空。雅思阅读的评分标准是答错题不倒扣分，所以，即使不确定答案交卷前也一定要蒙一个答案，尤其是有选项的题目。MBA的考试中有句名言，题目做不出来是个人技术问题，没人怪你;不会做空在那里不填，是情商问题!
三、先易后难把题挑
从节省时间的角度来说，考生最好遵循由易到难的原则。3篇文章里，选择你最熟悉的内容、学科开始做起。人们对于自己熟悉的内容总会有着天生的亲切和轻松，更容易正常发挥。同1篇文章里，题目也要先易后难。
通常来讲，填空类别的题目通常最简单，如：table/chart/diagram, summary, sentence completion, short answer questions等，可以先做。选择类的通常都较难，例如：T/F/NG, List of headings, Which paragraph contains the following information等，可以放到后面做。因为这些题目绝大多数是细节型考题。在做完类似headings 这样的题型后，考生对于文章的结构和大一都有比较清晰地了解，在这个基础上再完成细节题定位会更加准确，节约时间且提高正确率。
雅思阅读必知的高频关系词
雅思阅读高频关系词1.表转折：
but, however, yet, in fact, on the other hand;
A, but B: 否定A而肯定B，则A，B两部分内容是相反的。
例如：Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paper less office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating .
解释：paper less 表示负向，则but后no sign of abating 表示正向，所以abating是表示负向的词。
总结：此种方法有利于在不认识单词的前提下读懂句子意思，很有帮助，但一定要练习，而且要敏感。
练习：The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear energy may be tiny, but , as the technology now stands, huge and uncertain costs are involved in building the power stations, dealing with spent fuel, and decommissioning.
雅思阅读高频关系词2.表让步：
(1)although：although A, B:尽管有A，B还是出现了(A，B互不影响)若A是正，那B就是负的。
例如：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries.
解释：miracle奇迹，表正向,则but后的chaos是一个表负向的词。
(2)while：五个含义：
A. although：虽然，尽管
B. as long as：只要
C. whereas, but：表转折
D.when：当。。。的时候
E. n. 表一段时间
例如：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quality of food, especially if regular eggs are desired.
解释：原文在本段之前讲鸭子的好，在本段之后讲它的不好。
(3)Albeit：尽管，虽然
例如：Albeit true but not now.
雅思阅读高频关系词3.表并列：A and B
A...and B...
(1) 并列双方性质相同;
(2) 当A、B都比较复杂时，应该从最后一项找起，根据B的形式到前文找到A
例如：The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.
解释：此句话中共有四个and ,第一个and 并列of 结构，第二个and 并列fumes和toxic,第三个and并列taxicabs, lorries 和buses, 第四个and并列full of …, torn by… 和thronged…
雅思阅读高频关系词4.表递进：没有转折的意思，后项承接上文。
A furthermore B
A moreover B
A besides B
A为正向，B 仍为正向。
雅思阅读高频关系词5.表顺序或过程：
(1) first, then, next, later on, finally
(2) 1st, 2nd, 3rd…
(3) in the first place, in the second place…
(4) before…, after…
(5) once, until, as soon as,…
雅思阅读高频关系词6.特殊的关键词：人名，地名，时间，数字，生词(这是最好的定位标准，多以A---A形式重现)
雅思阅读高频关系词7.比较级：类比
对比
(1) as…as, like 类比
(2) more…than, unlike 对比
(3) 不同的时间导致强的对比关系
例如：一段讲1840年,…
19.。。
二段讲出现了A++(生词)…
问题是，20人们有了A++, 1840年的时候人们没有什么?
(4) 不同的地点导致强对比关系
例如：In Australia, only,….
In Asia, many, A(生词)
问题是，Australia缺什么?
雅思阅读高频关系词8.例如：A for example = ：=—— B
A是理论，B是解释
雅思阅读高频关系词9.因果关系：
(1) 大因果关系/分句间因果关系(即：原因、结果是两句话)
because, in that, as, since, for, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result
(2) 小因果关系/句内因果关系(在一句话中，通过v.来表达)
例如：Increased air temperature brought about higher sea levels.
Cause, lead to, result in/ from, contribute to, pose, help, create, affect, influence, attribute to.
Attribute A to B, 把A归因于B (因为B所以A)
雅思阅读真题精选:orientatin of birds
篇9：剑桥雅思阅读真题
Otter
A
Otters have long, thin bodies and short legs – ideal for pushing through dense undergrowth or hunting in tunnels. An adult male may be up to 4 feet long and 30lbs. Females are smaller typically. The Eurasian otter’s nose is about the smallest among the otter species and has a characteristic shape described as a shallow ‘W’. An otter’s tail (or rudder, or stern) is stout at the base and tapers towards the tip where it flattens. This forms part of the propulsion unit when swimming fast underwater. Otter fur consists of two types of hair: stout guard hairs which form a waterproof outer covering, and under-fur which is dense and fine, equivalent to an otter’s thermal underwear. The fur must be kept in good condition by grooming. Seawater reduces the waterproofing and insulating qualities of otter fur when saltwater in the fur. This is why freshwater pools are important to otters living on the coast. After swimming, they wash the salts off in pools and the squirm on the ground to rub dry against vegetation.
B
The scent is used for hunting on land, for communication and for detecting danger. Otterine sense of smell is likely to be similar in sensitivity to dogs. Otters have small eyes and are probably short-sighted on land. But they do have the ability to modify the shape of the lens in the eye to make it more spherical, and hence overcome the refraction of water. In clear water and good light, otters can hunt fish by sight. The otter’s eyes and nostrils are placed high on its head so that it can see and breathe even when the rest of the body is submerged. Underwater, the cotter holds its legs against the body, except for steering, and the hind end of the body is flexed in a series of vertical undulations. River otters have webbing which extends for much of the length of each digit, though not to the very end. Giant otters and sea otters have even more prominent webs, while the Asian short-clawed otter has no webbing – they hunt for shrimps in ditches and paddy fields so they don’t need the swimming speed. Otter’s ears are tiny for streamlining, but they still have very sensitive hearing and are protected by valves which close them against water pressure.
C
A number of constraints and preferences limit suitable habitats of otters. Water is a must and the rivers must be large enough to support a healthy population of fish. Being such shy and wary creatures, they will prefer territories where man’s activities do not impinge greatly. Of course, there must also be no other otter already in residence – this has only become significant again recently as populations start to recover. Coastal otters have a much more abundant food supply and range for males and females may be just a few kilometres of coastline. Because male range overlaps with two or three females – not bad! Otters will eat anything that they can get hold of – there are records of sparrows and snakes and slugs being gobbled. Apart from fish, the most common prey are crayfish, crabs and water birds. Small mammals are occasionally taken, most commonly rabbits but sometimes even moles.
D
Eurasian otters will breed any time where food is readily available. In places where the condition is more severe, Sweden for example where the lakes are frozen for much of winter, cubs are born in spring. This ensures that they are well grown before severe weather returns. In the Shetlands, cubs are born in summer when fish is more abundant. Though otters can breed every year, some do not. Again, this depends on food availability. Other factors such as food range and quality of the female may have an effect. Gestation for Eurasian otter is 63 days, with the exception of Lutra canadensis whose embryos may undergo delayed implantation. Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are lined with bedding to keep the cub’s warm mummy is away feeding.
E
Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are lined with bedding (reeds, waterside plants, grass) to keep the cub’s warm while is away feeding. Litter Size varies between 1 and 5. For some unknown reason, coastal otters tend to produce smaller litters. At five weeks they open their eyes – a tiny cub of 700g. At seven weeks they’re weaned onto solid food. At ten weeks they leave the nest, blinking into daylight for the first time. After three months they finally meet the water and learn to swim. After eight months they are hunting, though the mother still provides a lot of food herself. Finally, after nine months she can chase them all away with a clear conscience, and relax – until the next fella shows up.
F
The plight of the British otter was recognised in the early 60s, but it wasn’t until the late 70s that the chief cause was discovered. Pesticides, such as dieldrin and aldrin, were first used in1955 in agriculture and other industries – these chemicals are very persistent and had already been recognised as the cause of huge declines in the population of peregrine falcons, sparrow hawks and other predators. The pesticides entered the river systems and the food chain – micro-organisms, fish and finally otters, with every step increasing the concentration of the chemicals. From 1962 the chemicals were phased out, but while some species recovered quickly, otter numbers did not – and continued to fall into the 80s. This was probably due mainly to habitat destruction and road deaths. Acting on populations fragmented by the sudden decimation in the 50s and 60s, the loss of just a handful of otters in one area can make an entire population unviable and spell the end.
G
Otter numbers are recovering all around Britain – populations are growing again in the few areas where they had remained and have expanded from those areas into the rest of the country. This is almost entirely due to legislation, conservation efforts, slowing down and reversing the destruction of suitable otter habitat and reintroductions from captive breeding programs. Releasing captive-bred otters is seen by many as a last resort. The argument runs that where there is no suitable habitat for them they will not survive after release and where there is suitable habitat, natural populations should be able to expand into the area. However, reintroducing animals into a fragmented and fragile population may add just enough impetus for it to stabilise and expand, rather than die out. This is what the Otter Trust accomplished in Norfolk, where the otter population may have been as low as twenty animals at the beginning of the 1980s. The Otter Trust has now finished its captive breeding program entirely, great news because it means it is no longer needed.
Questions 1-9
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-GWhich paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 A description of how otters regulate vision underwater
2 The fit-for-purpose characteristics of otter’s body shape
3 A reference to an underdeveloped sense
4 An explanation of why agriculture failed in otter conservation efforts
5 A description of some of the otter’s social characteristics
6 A description of how baby otters grow
7 The conflicting opinions on how to preserve
8 A reference to the legislative act
9 An explanation of how otters compensate for heat loss
Questions 10-13
Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBERfrom the passage for each answer
10 What affects the outer fur of otters?
11 What skill is not necessary for Asian short-clawed otters?
12 Which type of otters has the shortest range?
13 Which type of animals do otters hunt occasionally?
